Raptor F 22 The Greatest Fighter Jet Aircraft

F-22 Raptor is a stealth fighter made by the United States. It was originally envisioned as air superiority fighter for use against Soviet aircraft, but the aircraft is equipped for ground attack, electronic warfare and signals intelligence. This aircraft through a long development period, prototype version was named YF-22, three years before it was officially adopted was named F/A-22, and eventually was named the F-22A when it officially came into use in December 2005. Lockheed Martin Aeronautics is the prime contractor is responsible for the majority of the airframe, weapons, and assembling the F-22. Then his partner, Boeing Integrated Defense Systems provides the wings, avionics equipment, and pilot and maintenance training.

History

Advanced Tactical Fighter (ATF) is a contract for the demonstration and validation program by the United States Air Force to develop a new generation air superiority fighter to deal with threats from outside the United States, including the development of class aircraft Su-27 Soviet era.

In 1981, the United States Air Force to map the requirements to be fulfilled a new fighter aircraft that is planned to replace the F-15 Eagle. ATF planned to integrate modern technology such as advanced metal and composite materials, sophisticated control systems, high-powered propulsion systems, and stealth aircraft technology.

Proposals for the contract was filed in 1986, by two contractor teams, the Lockheed-Boeing-General Dynamics and Northrop-McDonnell Douglas, who was elected in October 1986 for the demonstration and validation phase for 50 months, which eventually produced two prototypes, the YF -22 and the YF-23.

The aircraft is planned to be the most advanced U.S. aircraft at the beginning of the 21st century, therefore, this plane is the most expensive fighter aircraft, with a price of U.S. $ 120 million per unit, or U.S. $ 361 million per unit when it is added to the cost of development. In April 2005, the total development cost of this program is U.S. $ 70 billion, causing the number of aircraft planned to be made down to 438, then 381 and now 180, from the initial plan of 750 aircraft. One of the factors causing this reduction is due to the F-35 Lightning II will have the same technology with the F-22, but with a cheaper unit price.

YF-22 'Lightning II'

YF-22 is a plane development is the basis for the manufacture of F-22 production version. However, there are some significant differences between the two, which changes the position of the cockpit, structural changes, and many other small changes. Both aircraft are often mixed up in the photographs, usually at the point of view that is difficult to see certain features. YF-22 Lighting II are given nicknames by Lockheed, this name lasted until the mid-1990s. For some time, this plane also was given the nickname SuperStar and Rapier. But the F-35 and then officially received the name of Lighting II on July 7, 2006.

YF-22 ATF awarded after winning a competition to fly to beat Northrop YF-23 made by McDonnell-Douglas. In April 2002, at the time of testing, the first YF-22 prototype crashed while landing at Edwards Air Force Base in California. The test pilot, Tom Morgenfeld, was not hurt. The cause of this fall is a fault in the software.

Production

F-22 production version first sent to Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada, on January 14, 2003. Testing and final evaluation conducted on October 27, 2004. In late 2004, already there are 51 Raptor is sent, with 22 more booked in the 2004 fiscal budget. The destruction of the first production version occurred on December 20, 2004 at the time of takeoff, the pilots eject safely after a few moments before it crashed. Investigating this fall concluded that interruption of power when turned off the engine before take-off causing damage to the controversial system

Change of name

Production version of the aircraft is named the F-22 Raptor when it was first raised on April 9, 1997 at Lockheed-Georgia Co.., Marietta, Georgia.

In September 2002, the United States Air Force officials to change the name of the F/A-22 Raptor. The naming of this, which is similar to the naming of F/A-18 Hornet U.S. Navy, aims to promote the image of Raptor fighter aircraft as well as ground attack aircraft, due to the debate that occurred in the U.S. government about the importance of air superiority fighter that is very expensive. The name is then returned again to the F-22 alone on December 12, 2005, and then on December 15, 2005 F-22A officially began to be used.

Purchase

United States Air Force originally planned to order 750 ATF, with production starting in 1994. In 1990 Major Aircraft Review to change the plan to 648 aircraft beginning in 1996. The ultimate goal changed again in 1994, to 442 aircraft entered the life in 2003 or 2004. Report Ministry of Defence in 1997 to change the purchase to 339. In 2003, the Air Force said that the existing congressional funding restrictions now limit the purchase to 277. In 2006, the Pentagon said it would buy 183 aircraft, which will save $ 15 billion but would increase funding per aircraft. This plan has been approved by the de facto of Congress in the form of purchase plan several years, which is still open opportunities for new orders past that point. Lockheed Martin has said that in FY (Fiscal Year / FY) 2009 they already have to know whether more planes would be purchased, for ordering the goods of long-lead.

In April 2006, the cost of the F-22A estimated by the Government Accountability Office to be $ 361 million per plane. These costs reflect the total cost of the program F-22A total program cost, divided by the number of jets to be purchased by the Air Force. So far, the Air Force has invested as much as $ 28 billion in research, development, and experiments Raptor. That money, referred to as a "sunk cost," has been spent and is separate from money used for future decision making, including the purchase of coffee from the jet.

When all 183 jets have been purchased, $ 34 billion will be spent to purchase these aircraft really are. This will result in cost about $ 339 million per aircraft based on the total cost of the program. The increase in the cost of one additional F-22 is about $ 120 million. If the Air Force would buy 100 additional F-22 today, each plane would cost less than $ 117 million and will continue to fall with additional aircraft purchases.

F-22 is not the most expensive aircraft ever; peculiarity seemed to die on the B-2 Spirit, which is roughly worth $ 2.2 billion per unit, although the cost increases below 1 billion U.S. dollars. For more fair, booking B-2 went from hundreds to a few dozen when the Cold War ended, so the price per unit soar. F-22 uses fewer radar absorbent materials than the B-2 or F-117 Nighthawk, with the hope that treatment costs will be lower.

Characteristic

Movement

Dual turbofan engines Pratt & Whitney F119-PW-100 F-22 has a thrust steering capability. Steering can adjust the rotation axis pitch to about 20 °. Maximum thrust of this engine is still kept secret, but estimated about 35,000 lbf (156 kN) per turbofan. The maximum speed the aircraft is estimated at Mach 1.2 when the supercruise without external weapons. With the afterburner, according to Lockheed Martin, the speed is "more than Mach 2.0" (2120 km / h).

F-22 also can maneuver very well in supersonic and subsonic speeds. The use of steering thrust makes a sharp turn, and perform extreme maneuvers such as Herbst Maneuver, Cobra Pugachev, [10] and Kulbit. F-22 also can maintain a constant attack angle greater than 60 °. Altitude flying also affect the attack. In a military exercise in Alaska in June 2006, F-22 pilots said that the ability to fly at higher altitudes than other aircraft is one of the determinants of the F-22 victory in the practice.

Avionics

F-22 uses AN/APG-77 AESA radar designed for the operation of air superiority and ground attack, which is difficult to detect aircraft opponent, using an active aperture, and can track several targets simultaneously in any weather. AN/APG-77 change frequency 1,000 times every second, making it also very difficult to track. This radar can also focus the emission of the sensor opponent, making the plane to crash opponent.

Information on this radar is processed by two Raytheon processors, each of which can perform 10.5 billion operations per second, and has 300 megabytes of memory. The software on the F-22 consists of 1.7 million lines of code, most of which are captured radar data processing. These radars have a range of about 125-150 miles, and is planned to be updated with a maximum distance of 250 miles.

F-22 has several unique functions for an aircraft its size. Among other things, this aircraft has the capability of detection and identification of an enemy that is almost equivalent to the RC-135 Rivet Joint.Kemampuan "mini-AWACS" This makes the F-22 is very useful on the front lines. This aircraft could indicate targets for the F-15 and F-16, and even to know what the plane was to target his plane, so it could make for his plane did not pursue the same target.

Bus data used aircraft, named MIL-STD-1394b, which is designed specifically for the F-22. Bus system was developed from the commercial system FireWire (IEEE-1394), which was created by Apple and is often found on an Apple Macintosh. Data bus system will also be used on fighter aircraft F-35 Lightning.

Weaponry

F-22 is designed to carry air-to-air missiles are stored internally in the fuselage so as not to interfere with the ability silumannya. Missile launch was preceded by a valve open arms and missiles driven down by the hydraulic system. This aircraft can also carry bombs such as Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM) and Small-Diameter Bomb (SDB) is more recent. In addition to internal storage, this aircraft can also carry weapons on four external point, but if it is used will greatly reduce the ability of stealth, speed, and agility. For backup guns, F-22s carry M61A2 Vulcan automatic cannon 20 mm stored in the right side of the plane, was carrying 480 cannon rounds, and will be discharged if fired continuously for about five seconds. Even so, the F-22 can use this gun when the fight without being detected, which will be needed when the missile has been exhausted.

The ability of stealth

Western modern fighter aircraft of today have used the features that make them more difficult to detect on radar than previous aircraft, such as the use of radar absorbing material. In the F-22, besides the use of radar absorbing material, shape and form F-22 is also designed, and other details such as the hook on the plane and pilot helmets have also been made for more hidden. F-22 is also designed to emit infra-red which is more difficult to track missiles "heat seekers".

However, the F-22 does not depend on radar absorbing material such as the F-117 Nighthawk. The use of this material could not bear to bring up the problem because of bad weather. And unlike airplane bomber B-2 Spirit stealth that require special hangars, the F-22 can be given usual care in the hangar. In addition, the F-22 also has a system called "Signature Assessment System", which will indicate when the aircraft radar tracks already high, until eventually require repairs and maintenance.

Use of afterburner also make aircraft emissions more easily captured by the radar, it is estimated is the reason why the F-22 is focused to be able to have the ability supercruise.

Sources :

 

The Boeing Company History

The Boeing Company is a manufacturer of aircraft , headquartered in Chicago, Illinois, with its largest production facility in Everett, Wash., near Seattle, Wash. She is also a defense contractor, and a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average.

Boeing was founded by William Edward Boeing, which originally was a businessman and a successful logger. Together with his colleague George Conrad Westervelt in 1916, he founded the company airplane factory who was then called Pacific Aero Products.

Two main divisions of Boeing Integrated Defense Systems is Boeing (IDS), responsible for military and space products, and Boeing Commercial Airplanes (BCA), is responsible for civilian aircraft.

Boeing Company Founder

William Edward Boeing (born in Detroit, Michigan, USA, October 1, 1881 - died in the Puget Sound, 28 September 1956 at age 74 years) was an aviation pioneer who founded the Boeing Company. William was born from a wealthy family of German ancestry in Detroit, Michigan, United States. His family is the owner of the mining companies and timber companies are successful. He was accepted at Yale University and finish college in 1903, the Boeing plunged into the family business, became a businessman in the logging business. This business made him a fortune, especially after he built his own company in Grays Harbor perkayuannya.

However, although rich, Boeing does not necessarily easily satisfied. Therefore, when he became president of Greenwood Logging Company, Boeing which have long been experimenting in the design of his ships moved to Seattle. This is where his interest in aircraft will begin to grow, especially from the business side.

Together with George Conrad Westervelt, after considering various possibilities, in 1916 Boeing aircraft industry to establish who was given the name of Pacific Aero Products.

A year later, so the United States involved in World War I, Boeing changed the company name to Boeing Airplane Company, known as the Boeing Company.

Although still relatively early in the industry, the war allows Boeing as the company gets the procurement of 50 aircraft from the United States Aviation Corps. Its business and then growing rapidly become one giant company in Seattle. In the years preceding World War II, the industry is able to attract tens of thousands of entrants.

Boeing then berkonstentrasi on commercial aircraft industry and then also build a successful mail services quickly and efficiently. Not to mention the airlines that later he gets up and running. Because Boeing is considered to dominate the world of aviation United States at that time, in 1934 the U.S. government charge him with charges of holding a monopoly practices.

In 1934, Boeing and then retire, although not loose business. Boeing later known as an entrepreneur in the property.

Sources : World Automotive Collection

Boeing 777-wide Body Jet Airliner Aircraft

Boeing 777 is a twin engine wide body aircraft is much made by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. He can carry between 305-550 passengers and has a range of 5600 nautical miles dampai 8870 (10 400 to 16 400 mil). The first flight 777 in 1994.

Unique features from 777, including six-wheel landing per set in each main landing gear, fuselage is perfectly round, and "tailcone" that resembles the back of the blade.

In 2005 the unit price of about U.S. $ 213 million, although prices for airline kept secret and can vary greatly.

Boeing 777 designed to be a substitute for the Boeing 747, but more efficient. Therefore, the Boeing 777 which is designed to replace 747, a plane bijet (multiple machines) in the world. Edition of the largest 777 777-300 and the farthest distance is the 777-200LR. Emirates, the national airline of the UAE is the largest carrier aircraft 777.


History

Boeing 777 began flying in 1995, with United Airlines. United bought the series 777-200 for a start. The second series was a Boeing 777-200ER and entered the service in 1997, and sent the first time for British Airways. The third edition is a big Boeing 777-300, was first created in 1998 to the airline Cathay Pacific Airways. -300 Edition can carry 550 passengers, because the design of 777-300 aim to replace the Boeing 747-100 and 747-200.

Edition -200,-200ER, and -300 is the first edition of the Boeing 777. Two other series, the Boeing 777-200LR and Boeing 777-300ER is a series of long distance. Boeing 777-300ER ("ER" for Extended Range) is a series of long range Boeing 777-300, and entered the period in 2004, was first delivered to Air France. Boeing 777-200LR enters the service in 2006, and the customer's first 777-200LR is the Pakistan International Airlines. Later, traces of PIA in the purchase of Boeing 777-200LR is followed by other airlines.

Boeing 777-300 is the largest aircraft in the category of dual engine commercial aircraft. And for the Boeing 777-300ER (Extended Range), the engine, General Electric GE90-115B has a diameter slightly larger than the diameter of the Boeing 737 cabin. It has a resemblance to the Airbus A380-800, namely the landing wheels. Both these aircraft wore six sets of wheels for the two main landing gear. The difference, Airbus 380-800 has an additional two sets of landing gear similar to the Boeing 747-400 (with four wheels per set of landing gear)

Boeing 777 aircraft are already equipped with the steering system fly-by-wire. This system is usually used on fighter aircraft. Its function is to overcome the symptoms of "less space" which occurs when the pilot moving the "stick". System Fly-by-wire also been applied to the Airbus A320, A330, A340, A350 and A380 Series. System Fly-by-wire are expected to continue to be used for any future aircraft design.

Boeing 777 is the first aircraft designed in full body shape using computer design. And in the new variant, these aircraft are equipped with the "extra room upstairs that can be used as a resting place for the crew. In making cockpit, the Boeing gets input from about 600 pilots. This aircraft uses an integrated LCD screen in the form of glass cockpit.

This aircraft is the first aircraft from Boeing is using Glass Cockpit thoroughly. Glass cockpit seem far more neat and elegant when compared with conventional cockpit. Glass cockpit systems is believed to be a trend for new planes. Glass Cockpit has been used on the Boeing 737 NG series, Boeing 747-400, Boeing 787 Dreamliner, Airbus A330, A340, A350 and A380 series.

Boeing 777 also has released version cargo.yaitu version of the Boeing 777F (Freighter). The aircraft uses a radar system and glass cockpit latest version of Honeywell. Boeing is the prime consumer of Water France.pesawat this first flight in February 2010.

 Sources : world Automotive Collection

Boeing CH-47 Chinook Heavy Helicopter

Boeing CH-47 Chinook is a heavy transport helicopter with a dual rotor engine and front and rear. with a top speed of 170 knots (196 mph, 315 km / h) despite having a great body and length. More than 1179 built to date. Its main roles include troop carriers, artillery and supply the equipment on the battlefield. has a wide door at the rear of the aircraft carrier and three external hooks.

Chinook was originally designed and manufactured by Boeing Vertol in the early 1960s. The helicopter is now produced by Boeing Defense, Space ; Security. Chinooks have been sold to 16 countries including the U.S. Army and Royal Air Force (Boeing Chinook variant of English) as the largest user. CH-47 helicopter is one of the largest transporters West.

Development

In 1956's, the Department of the Army announced plans to replace the CH-37 Mojave, which is supported by piston engines, turbine engine helicopter with machine baru.Turbin also a key design feature of a small helicopter UH-1 Huey. followed the design competition, in September 1958, Army and Air Force along with the source selection board recommended the procurement of helicopter transport medium Vertol. However, funding for full-scale development is not then available, and the Army vacillated on design requirements. Some Army aviation corps think that the new helicopter should be a light tactical transport missions aimed at taking over from the old helicopter H-21 and H-34, and can carry about fifteen soldiers (one platoon). Another faction in the Army aviation corps think that the new helicopter should be larger to be able to transport large sections of artillery, and also enough to bring new weapons MGM-31 "Pershing" Missile System.

Vertol began work on a tandem rotor helicopter just as the Vertol Model 107 or V-107 in 1957. In June 1958, the U.S. Army awarded a contract for the planes vertol the YHC-1A. YHC-1A has a capacity for 20 troops, three were tested by the Army to obtain technical and operational data. However, the YHC-1A is considered by most users of the Army is too heavy for the role of attack and too lightweight for the role of transport. This decision was made to obtain a more heavy transport helicopter and at the same time there is an upgrade UH-1 "Huey" as a tactical troop transport. YHC-1A will be improved and adopted by the Marines as a CH-46 Sea Knight in 1962. Army then ordered the larger Model 114 under the designation HC-1B. Pre-Production of the Boeing Vertol YCH-1B conduct initial hovering flight on September 21, 1961. In 1962 HC-1B was renamed the CH-47A under the 1962 United States Tri-Service aircraft designation system.

The name "Chinook" offensive to the people of the Pacific Northwest Chinook. CH-47 is powered by two turboshaft engines, mounted on each side of the back of the helicopter and connected to the rotor by the driveshafts. Early models are equipped with a 2200 horsepower engine. Counter rotating rotors eliminate the need for anti-torque vertical rotor, allowing all power will be used for lift and thrust. The ability to adjust the lift rotor makes it less sensitive to changes in the center of gravity, it is important for the role of the cargo lift. If one engine fails the other of failing to control rotor.ukuran Chinook directly related to the development of Huey. Army's push to focus on both Huey and Chinook and are responsible for the acceleration of the air mobility effort.

Improved and more powerful version of the CH-47 has been developed since the helicopter entered service. The first major leap in design is a U.S. Army CH-47D, which began operating in 1982. Improvement of CH-47C including engine upgrades, composite propeller, a redesigned cockpit to reduce pilot workload, increase and redundant power systems, advanced flight control systems and improved avionics Generation is the latest mainstream CH-47F,. featuring some major upgrades to reduce maintenance, digital flight controls, and is powered by two engines powered Honeywell 4733 horsepower.

A commercial model Chinook, Boeing vertol model 234, used worldwide for logging, construction, forest firefighters, and support the operation of petroleum extraction. On December 15, 2006 Columbia Helicopters company in Salem, Oregon, metropolitan, buy Certificate of Type 234 models from Boeing. Chinook also been licensed to be built by companies outside the United States, such as Elicotteri Meridionali (now AgustaWestland) of Italy, Kawasaki in Japan, and a company in England.

Variant:

* HC-1B: pre-production prototype as the model 114.

* CH-47A: all-weather helicopter Chinook CH-47A was originally powered by a Lycoming T55-L-5 2200 horsepower (1640 kW), but later replaced by the engine T55-L-7 2650 hp (1980 kW) or T55-L engine 7C 2850-hp (2130 kW). CH-47A has a maximum gross weight of 33,000 pounds (15,000 kg). Shipping Prime Chinook CH-47A for the U.S. Army in August 1962. A total of 349 units.

* ACH-47A: a special variant that functions as well as attack helicopters, ACH-47A carried five M60D 7.62x51 mm machine gun or rifle caliber M2HB 50, which is provided by the XM32 and XM33 armament subsystems, two M24A1 20 mm cannon, two XM159B/XM159C 2.75 19-tube rocket launchers or sometimes two guns M18 / M18A1 7.62 × 51 mm, and a single M75 grenade launcher 40 mm in XM5/M5 armament subsystem (more commonly seen on the UH-1 series helicopters.) The plane is still alive, Easy Money, has been restored and exhibited at the Redstone Arsenal, Alabama.

* CH-47b: CH-47b is a temporary solution while working on the Boeing CH-47C. CH-47b machine is powered by two Lycoming T55-L-7C 2850 shp (2130 kW). with blunt pole rotor rear, redesigned asymmetrical rotor blades, and strakes along the rear doors and fuselage to improve the characteristics. equipped with two door mounted M60D 7.62 mm machine guns on the sub weaponry NATO M24 and M60D using the M41 armament subsystem. Some CH-47 "bomber" who are equipped to drop tear gas and napalm from the rear cargo road to the NLF (Vietcong) bunker. CH-47 can be equipped with a hoist and cargo hook. Chinook proved very valuable in aircraft recovery missions. The "Hook" recovery of approximately 12,000 aircraft worth more than U.S. $ 3.6 billion during the war. 108 built.

* CH-47C: CH-47C has a more powerful engine and transmission. Three versions of "model C" was built.
The first machine has a Lycoming T55-L-7C provide 2850 shp (2130 kW). The "Super C" including the Lycoming T55-L-11 engine provides 3750 shp (2,800 kW), with a maximum gross weight upgrade 46,000 lb (21,000 kg) and the stability augmentation system pitch (PSAs). Due to difficulties with the engine T55-L-11 are immediately brought to war to increase cargo, temporarily removed from the "Super C" prior to 1970 and T55-L-7C very reliable Lycoming was mounted to L-11 engine trouble could be measured and improved. L-configuration engine friendly 7C referred to as "baby C" although it is still Super C He distinguished himself from the "C" in terms of PSAs and it has been uprated maximum gross weight. CH-47 A, B, and all variants of C can not receive certification from the FAA for civilian use because the drive to increase non-redundant flight hydraulic system. A redesign of the drive to increase the hydraulic system incorporated in the CH-47D that allows that to achieve FAA certification as the Boeing Model 234. 233 CH-47C was built.

variants Royal AIR Force CH-47C Chinook HC1 and variant called export to Italy called the CH-47C +.
* CH-47D: Model CH-47D was originally powered by two engine T55-L-712, but most are now equipped with T55-GA-714A. Model CH-47A, CH-47b, and CH-47C, all using the same airframe, but later models featuring upgraded machine. With triple-hook cargo system, CH-47D can carry heavy loads and up to 26,000 pounds internally (for example, bulldozers and 40-foot / 12 mm container) externally, at speeds over 155 mph (250 km / h). The peak aircraft cruising speed 163 mph (142 knots). D-model was first introduced into service in 1979. In air assault operations, often serves as a major driver of the M198 155 mm howitzer, 30 rounds of ammunition, and crew of 11 people. Like most U.S. Army helicopters, Chinook has advanced avionics and electronics, including the Global Positioning System.

Almost all models of military production CH-47D is the conversion of the U.S. Army A, B, and C model ever with a total of 472 converted into D-model. U.S. Army D-last production model directly sent to the U.S. Army Reserve, located in Fort Hood, Texas, in early 2002.

Royal Air Force version of the CH-47D Chinook is known as HC2 and HC2A. While the CH-47SD (also known as "Super D") is a modified variant of the CH-47D, with extended range fuel tanks and a higher load carrying capacity. CH-47SD is currently used by the Republic of Singapore Air Force, the Greek Army and the Army of the Republic of China. CH-47DG is an upgraded version of the CH-47C to Greece.

In 2008, Canada bought six used CH-47D to the Canadian Helicopter Force Afghanistan from the United States worth U.S. $ 252 million. Helicopters sent to the Canadian Army on 30 December 2008.
* MH-47D: Variant MH-47D was developed for special forces operations and air refueling capability, rope rappelling system and other upgrades. MH-47D used by the U.S. Army's 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment. 12 MH-47D helicopters are manufactured. 6 is the conversion of CH-47A models and 6 were conversions from CH-47C model.

* MH-47E: The model is currently used by the U.S. Army Special Operations was the MH-47E. Starting with a prototype model of E produced in 1991, there were a total of 26 Special Operations Aircraft produced. All aircraft were assigned to 2-160th Soar (A) "Nightstalkers" based at Fort Campbell, Kentucky. Model E conversion of an existing model CH-47C airframes. MH-47E has the same ability as MH-47D, but includes increased fuel capacity and radar avoidance / terrain follower like variant CH-47SD.

In 1995, the Royal Air Force ordered eight Chinook HC3, more effective, cheaper version of the MH-47E for special forces operations role. delivered in 2001 but never entered operational service due to technical issues with the appropriate avionics / Special to the HC3. In 2008, began work downgrade HC3 to HC2 standard to be used in units.

* CH-47F: CH-47F, D model upgrade, first flew in 2001. The first production model was launched on June 15, 2006 at the Boeing facility in Ridley Park, Pennsylvania, and its maiden flight on 23 October 2006. CH-47F is designed to extend the Chinook-class service until 2030. Among the new Honeywell-powered engine upgrades 4868 horse power, avionics repair and upgrade Airframe with one part of a larger to reduce the number of parts and increase speed. new construction will reduce vibration, eliminate points, joint flexibility and reduce the need for inspections and repairs and reduce maintenance costs. It is also expected to improve service life. CH-47F can fly at speeds over 175 mph (282 km / h) with a load of more than 21,000 lb (9530 kg). upgraded avionics including cockpit Rockwell Collins Common Avionics Architecture System (CAAS) and BAE Systems' Advanced Digital Flight Control System (DAFCS).

Boeing has delivered 48 F-model helicopters to the United States Army, on August 26, 2008, Boeing announced that the Army has signed a five-year contract, worth more than U.S. $ 4.8 billion for 191 units plus 24 options in February 2007. The Netherlands is the first international customer to order the F model, six helicopters were ordered to expand their current fleet to 17. These helicopters will be equipped with an upgraded version of the cockpit Honeywell Avionics Control Management System (ACMS). The Netherlands also plans to upgrade 11 CH-47D to CH-47F configuration On August 10, 2009, Canada signed a contract to purchase 15 CH-47F for delivery  2013-14, entered service with the Canadian Forces after the planned withdrawal from combat operations in Afghanistan .

On December 15, 2009, the British government announced Helicopters future strategy including the purchase of 24 new Chinooks CH-47F will be delivered from 2012. In April 2009 Australia asks seven CH-47F and ordered seven CH-47F on March 20, 2010. The aircraft is scheduled to replace six CH-47D Army Australia between 2014 and 2017.

* MH-47G: Special version of the MH-47G Special Operations Aviation (SOA) are currently being sent to the U.S. Army. similar to the MH-47E, but has a more sophisticated avionics including digital Common Avionics Architecture System (CAAS). CAAS is a glass cockpit which is commonly used by different helicopters such as MH-60K / L, CH-53E / K, and the ARH-70A. MH-47G will also incorporate all the new CH-47F.

Based on operational experience in Afghanistan, the CH-47 was found to be an effective replacement for the UH-60 Black Hawk as attack helicopters. With a larger load, range, and higher operating speeds, a Chinook can replace up to five UH-60 in the role as the transportation of air attacks.

This new modernization program will increase the MH-47D and MH-47E Special Operations Chinooks with design specifications MH-47G. As many as 25 MH-47E and 11 MH-47D aircraft will be increased at the end of 2003. In 2002 the army announced plans to expand the Special Operations Aviation Regiment. The expansion will add 12 MH-47G helicopter extra.

* HH-47: On November 9, 2006, HH-47, a new variant of the MH-47G Chinook based, chosen by the United States Air Force as the winner of the competition Combat Search and Rescue (CSAR-X). Four HH-47 development was built, with the first of 141 production aircraft are planned to enter service in 2012. But in February 2007 this contract award comes under the supervision by the GAO, and ordered to recompete USAF CSAR-X project. In February 2010 the U.S. Air Force announced plans to replace old helicopters HH-60g. Air Force prioritize the requirements for a second rescue helicopter war and calling for a larger helicopter.

* CH-47 export versions: CH-47J variant specifically for the Japan Ground Self Defence Force with the sub-variant of the CH-47JA with larger fuel tank for long trips, made by Kawasaki with license from Boeing and variants of HH-47D version of the SAR to Ankatan South Korean Air.

Civil Variant:

* Model 234LR (long range)
* Model 234ER (extended range)
* The model MLR (multi-purpose long range)
* Model 234UT (utility transport)
* Model 414 / CH-47D Chinook International

General characteristics

* Crew: 3 (pilot, copilot, flight engineer)
* Capacity:
Troops or 33-55 o
o 24 litters and 3 attendants or
o 28.000 lb (12.700 kg) of cargo
* Length: 98 ft 10 in (1.30 m)
* Rotor diameter: 60 ft 0 ins (3.18 m)
* Height: 18 ft 11 in (5.7 m)
* Disc area: 5.600 ft2 (2.800 ft2 per rotor disc) (260 m2)
* Empty weight: 23.400 lb (10.185 kg)
* Loaded weight: 26.680 lb (12.100 kg)
* Max takeoff weight: 50,000 lb (22.680 kg)
* Powerplant: 2 × Lycoming T55-GA-712 turboshaft, 3.750 lb (2.796 kW) EACH


Performance

* Maximum speed: 170 knots (196 mph, 315 km / h)
* Cruise speed: 130 kt (137 mph, 220 km / h)
* Range: 400 nmi (450 mi, 741 km)
* Ferry range: 1.216 nmi (1.400 mi, 2.252 km)
* Service ceiling: 18.500 ft (5.640 m)
* Rate of climb: 1.522 ft / min (10.1 m / s)
* Disc loading: 9.5 lb/ft2 (47 kg/m2)
* Power / mass: 0:28 hp / lb (460 W / kg)


Armament

* Up to 3 pintle mounted, medium machine guns (1 on loading ramp and 2 at shoulder windows), Generally 7.62 mm (0308 in) M240/FN MAG machine guns


Avionics

* Rockwell CAAS (MH-47G/CH-47F)

Sources : World Automotive Collection

Chevrolet Malibu 2013

Amid fierce competition among major automakers in the market, General Motors (GM) finally decided to release two new variant of Chevrolet Malibu 2013 at two prestigious exhibition of the Shanghai Auto Show 2011 and the New York Auto Show 2011.

medium sedan body has also been cut by 4.5 inches, but the overall length remains the same. While the width is increased to nearly 3 inches. Along with a smaller size, Malibu 2013 will also save money in the engine lineup. Malibu offers a new engine 190-hp 2.5-liter four-cylinder. DOHC Ecotec engine is also expected to create 180-feet of torque. Six-speed automatic transmission will be the only gearbox is only available to U.S. buyers.

Not much has changed in the chassis. There is still a touch of MacPherson at front and multilink setup in the rear along with electric steering and four-wheel disc brakes. While the wheels are provided in sizes 17-19 inches. According to Executive Director of GM Design, Bryan Nesbitt, the car is made ​​for entry in the family sedan segment.

Saab 9-5 SportCombi

Saab 9-5 SportCombi has presented at auto show in Geneva. If at first glance this car design similar to a jet fighter. A pillar can be seen from the unseen because the glass front and a black front row seemed to cover the pillar. Rear glass and rear glass lines were also seen together like a windshield. This design is similar to the design of jet fighters.

Saab wanted to pass on a jet fighter designs ever developed on this car. Design Director Jason Castriota Under the new Saab 9-5 SportCombi get these gifts.

Machines used in the car was probably the same power as in the sedan model. The machine is a 2.0-liter turbocharged four-cylinder powered 162 kW (220 PS / 217 hp), engine turbocharger 2.8-liter V6 221 kW (300 PS / 296 hp) and diesel 2.0-liter four-cylinder with 118 kW (160 PS / 158 hp).

Transmission options exist XWD all-wheel drive system, adaptive chassis control, and head-up display. This car will be launched in the fall in the U.S..

BMW Z4 GT3 2011

The car manufacturer launched the new BMW Z4 GT3 2011 which is designed specifically for private drivers. The new car which is upgrade of this Z4 modification resulting aerodynamic results that can compete in various kinds of hard fighting race.

"With the elongated hood, the driver is directed behind the car, long wheel base and narrow wheel arches, the version of the BMW Z4 series offers a clear appearance. two-seater BMW Motorsport engineers are provided with a good basis for developing a racing car in the race." BMW said as reported by autoevolutian, Saturday (9 / 4).

Mentioned ZA GT3 is equipped with a sophisticated engine management system, a steel safety cell, and various components of CFRP. To refer to the predecessor body of the car BMW Plant Regensburg.

Meanwhile, for their own machine using the machine eight-cylinder 4.4-liter that is connected to a six-speed sequential transmission. Specifications related parties has not been released, but if referring to the previous model featuring 4.0-liter V8 with more than 480 PS (353 kW / 473 bhp).

Nissan GT-R Completed With Godzila Machine

Prepare the new generation Nissan GT-R to compete with the Porsche 911 Turbo S. The Japanese manufacturer will equip the next generation GT-R with a number of components to speed run the GT-R.

Nissan GT-R which is not currently compete with Porsche. GT-R is now 'only' equipped with 3800 cc twin turbo engine capable of producing power at 485 hp with 588 Nm of torque.

To accelerate up to speeds of 100 km / h from rest, the GT-R needed 3.5 seconds, was counted under Porsche. While the maximum speed of just stuck at 311 km / hour.

Nissan will use the powerful 500 hp engine Godzilla as its main energy source. While other parts of the body will receive some improvements from the aerodynamics to help accelerate the vehicle. Porsche 911 Turbo S that was introduced at the Geneva Auto Show this year is using a 3.8-liter engine direct injection twin-turbocharged boxer.

The machine is able to generate power of 530 hp with 650 Nm of torque. This torque can be increased to 700 Nm when the engine overboost function is activated. So no wonder, for berakseelrasi 0-100 km / h 911 Turbo S just took 3.3 seconds with a maximum speed that can reach up to 315 km / hour.

Mazda Biante Limited Edition 20S Navi Special

Welcoming the birthday of the 90th Mazda, the Japanese car manufacturer based in Hiroshima was launched Biante 20s NAVI SPECIAL Limited Edition for the Japanese consumer.

This car is only 400 units, equipped with a HDD and GPS navigation features automatic parking assist. The price difference between 20s NAVI SPECIAL Biante this with the standard version is more expensive ¥ 73,500. Especially for, Biante front wheels, the Mazda-stop to complete it i turned off the engine when the car stops.

This MPV 2.0 liter gasoline engine, this direct injection, its standard price is ¥ 2,572,500 tax included or without tax ¥ 2,450,000 with 5-speed automatic transmission. Biante qualify as a car that received incentives from the Japanese government, tax reduction to 75 percent.

Tips How To Driving Safely And Efficiently

Tips for driving safely and efficiently :

1) Check Out Car Parts

Before using check the condition of the car around the body, make sure everything is in good condition and roadworthy.

Tires Checks

Check the air pressure and condition of tires (including spare tires) at least once a week before the car is used. Check the air pressure using Presure Tire Gauge, and make sure the pressure in accordance with the standards.

To check the thickness of the tire, use the Trade Wear Indicator, which formed as a triangular mark on the tire wall and a bulge in the tire treads.

If the development has been flat tire with the bulge, then replace your tires immediately.

Checking Machine

Make a check engine room at least once a week on the engine oil, brake oil, radiator water and battery water. Make sure the height of the oil or water below the maximum. Further checks are also rubber-rubber hoses and fan belt. Make sure all are still pliable and no cracks.

2) Checking In Car

When entering the car cabin important thing to check is the condition of rubber clutch pedal, brake and gas. Everything must be installed properly and not thin.
Then, check your car's hand brake as well, especially the lever and penguncinya. Everything must be in condition and functioning properly.

3) Sitting Position

There are 3 important things that will we get if we are correct sitting position, namely:

a) Communication
Easy to communicate with other riders and monitor the situation outside the car.

b) Leisure
Not easily tired and always alert even if driving long distances.

c) Control
Easy to feel the early symptoms when the car starts to lose balance. So that it can be anticipated.

To get the proper sitting position follow the procedures in the event:

Seat belt

Always use seat belts as a primary safety protective equipment. Make sure the sound of CLICK!, When installing it.

The use of proper seat belt, must pass through the shoulder and hip bones. Use the height of the seat belt to sit right.

Distance Chairs

Adjust the distance of your chair so you easily operate the gas pedal, brake and clutch.


Seat backrest

The position of chair should be comfortable, not too tall but not too gentle.

Distance Body Steering

Distance ideal body with a steering wheel that is about 25cm. How to measure it, put both your wrists at 12. Then set the back of the chair.

Retaining Position Head

Place the back of the head parallel to the height of the head.

Steering Altitude

Adjust the height of the steering to feel comfortable to drive.

Once seated comfortably, check the following:

Checking Instruments Dashboard
Check all indicators on the dashboard when the key in the ON position. For vehicles equipped with ABS and SRS airbag, make sure that when turning the car off the indicator.

Spion Glass settings
Set all the position of the rearview mirror so that makes it easy to monitor the situation outside the car.

Checking lights
Make sure all lights work properly.


4) Sports Steering

The position of the hands of the most appropriate basis while driving the left hand at 9 o'clock position and right hand at 3 o'clock position. Position your thumb should be vertical to the steering wheel and steering wheel does not go into the circle.

Avoid the habit of driving with one hand, palm of the hand and driving with your fingers into the wheel rim. Besides easy to lose control when driving a car, you are also in danger of injury or even death.

There are 2 techniques are appropriate if the steering is as follows:

1. Pull-Push
If the steering is a technique that most basic and safe to use in various situations, both driving at low speed or high.

2. Cross
This technique can be used at low speeds but requires a fairly large turning radius, such as when parking or turning.

5) Braking Technique

One of the features associated with the braking technique is Anti Lock Brake System (ABS), Electronic Brake Force Distribution (EBD) and Brake Assist (BA). ABS function for tires are not locked during braking.

How hard tread brake pedal as he directed cars to a safer place. Function EBD distributes braking power to each wheel based on vehicle load. This mechanism works with the ABS and is very useful when the brakes on road cornering.

In the meantime, BA is useful to increase braking power when brake suddenly. This mechanism works based on the speed of the brake pedal in an emergency. So with a little stamping but fast, the car can stop quickly.

6) Scanning
When he was driving a car, need to pay attention to all road users or road conditions around, such as motorcycles, cars, signs, pedestrians or other important objects that can affect alertness while driving.

7) Blind Spot
Blind Spot is an area that is not seen directly by the rearview mirror, right or left. With these limitations, need to familiarize themselves to do that is by turns Shoulder check to the left or the right moment in the direction you turn.

8) Safe Following Distance
When driving, keep a safe distance ideal car with the car in front which is about 3 seconds. How:
Find a benchmark that is big enough and did not move along the road.
Then when another car in front across the benchmark, the count with the number '1000 and 1, 1000 and 2, 1000 and 3 '.

Make sure the car through the same benchmark at the end of the count. If it is correct, then you meet a safe distance is ideal.


9) Safe Stopping Distance
When stopped the car, make sure the car is sufficient distance so that it can see both rear tires the car in front. This is so easy when there conditions that force you must exit the vehicle queue.

10) Parking
For ease when parking, need to understand and use existing standards on cars.
Fuel Efficiency Tips When Driving:

• Make sure the engine always excellent condition.
 • Keep the engine speed remains low.
• Avoid excessive acceleration and braking.
• Use with engine braking.
• tire air pressure is always normal.
• Use a pump that is credible and accurate.
Turn off the AC when not needed.

Benefits tachometer To Conserve Fuel

Tachometer or bookmark RPM rotation per minutes, certainly not just decorate the dashboard. But the benefit to drivers because it can be a guide to operating a car with frugal.

This is because through a tachometer, the driver will know when the right time to change the gear position. Also, run the vehicle on lap static accordance with the instructions of each manufacturer, can be more menghamat fuel consumption.

Proper replacement teeth done when the engine reaches maximum torque (maximum moment).
Note the technical data of cars and see information about Maximum torque (maximum torque). Manual book contains information about this data. Usually, written with units feet / lbs, feet-pounds, or Newton meters (Nm). Each machine has a different maximum torque. Typically, the rate of torque (moment) is always associated with a number of engine speed (RPM).

For example, technical data on the manual written book Maximum torque: 200 Nm/3.750 rpm. This means that the highest moment of 200 Nm occurs at the time of rotating machines as much as 3750 per minute.
In this example, means you should make the shift gear when the rpm shows the range of 3750 numbers.
Figures RPM on tachometer is also important to note not only when the change gear to a higher position. To streamline fuel consumption, while speeding down the road Keep the engine speed in the range of the maximum torque. Because, that's when fuel supply is in accordance with the output of machinery and manpower needed to drive the car.

Extend Vehicle Age

1. Avoid warming the engine are too long, if the average spin machine has run the vehicle.

2. Round cultivated machine do not be too low and not too high.

3. Avoid running the vehicle at high speed, try to run the vehicle with constant speed and do not mengkocok-whipped on the accelerator when not needed.

4. When driving do not put a foot on the clutch pedal

5. Keep your tire pressure according to vehicle / right.

6. For vehicles using Exhaust Brake, position the main switch to ON if you're driving.

7. Follow the maintenance of the existing maintenance schedule on pedomn book owners and book service.


Important Things In Running New Vehicles

Having a new car would you want to be driving. But do not get too excited because you forgot some important things you should consider in running a new vehicle. If you run a new vehicle that was carefully and follow the instructions given by the manufacturer then your vehicle will be in the best condition, of course, followed by regular maintenance routine. Here are the things that need to be considered in running the new vehicle:

1. For the first 1,000 km of vehicle must be run in ways that special or so-called running-in.

2. Read the manual carefully run a vehicle provided by the manufacturer and execute when running the vehicle.

3. Before running the vehicle, Heat engine first, do not run a vehicle with a sudden, do not hold acceleration and do not brake suddenly.

4. Do not work on the engine rev too high. We recommend that you labored to spin machine is always lower than 60% of maximum engine speed.

5. After the vehicle undergoing the first 10,000 km, replace the engine lubricating oil, and filter

6. After undergoing vehicle 10,000 km, there is the possibility of bolt-bolt became loose. So bring your vehicle to the garage for inspection and dikokohkan bolts and screws. Also check the free slit valve.

7. Know your vehicle well before you start your vehicle at high speed because each vehicle has unique characteristics, especially in terms of security and safety in travel.